Lithium ion batteries produced using the water-based manufacturing processes, as a greener technology, have great potential to be used in future electric vehicles (EVs). A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment model configured for actual EV applications has been developed for the water-based manufactured lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)-graphite battery pack.
The batteries’ requirement was chosen in terms of their battery life, small size, low weight, higher storage capacity, and effective self-discharging capacity to resist temperature environments and different climatic conditions. Accordingly, the lithium-ion battery was extensively used for various applications.
LCA Life Cycle Assessment LFP Lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO 4, battery cell Li Lithium LMO Lithium manganese oxide, LiMn 2 O 4, battery cell MJ Megajoule MWh Megawatt-hour NCA Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide battery cell NMC Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery cell NMP N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone NO x Nitrogen oxides
Life cycle inventory of producing 1 L of 0.0194 wt % LiCl solution from geothermal brine, 1 kg of lithium carbonate, 1 kg of lithium hydroxide, as well as life cycle inventory of LiOH electrolysis process; life cycle impact assessment results for LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 production; assumptions used in TEA and cash flow analysis; characterization
The life cycle impact assessment reveals that battery use accounts for 70% of life cycle GWP and FDP impacts while battery production represents 28%. The relative significances of the environmental impacts of the Li-S battery are compared with those of a conventional NCM-Graphite LIB at the same 320 km driving range.
Lithium batteries degrade over time within or without operation most commonly termed as battery cycle life (charge/discharge) and calendar life (rest/storage), respectively (PalacĂn, 2018). While in use, a battery undergoes plenty of charge-discharge cycles from shallow to full depth along with several other operating conditions, which result
2.3 Life cycle impact assessment. To identify and evaluate the amount and significance of the potential environmental impacts arising from the LCI, the inputs and outputs are assigned to impact categories. In this study, the categories are considered by using global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED).
Title of the Study: High specific energy rechargeable batteries used as a main source of energy for mobile application – Definition of Scope, representative prod-uct and description of the model for the PEF screening study. Delivered: April, 2014 Updated: final version July 31, 2014, including comments of the Steering Commit-tee.
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li ion battery life cycle assessment
